How does including a confidentiality and intellectual property $($IP$)$ rights clause in an international contract protect trade secrets and proprietary information, and why is this particularly important in technology transfer agreements or manufacturing contracts? Confidentiality and IP rights clauses are generally unnecessary as most international trade partners operate on mutual trust and goodwill$\mathrm{.}2$ pointsThese clauses are essential as they protect trade secrets and propnetary information, which is particularly important in technology transfer agreements or manufacturing contracts where designs, patents, or trade secrets are involved, ensuring that sensitive information is safeguarded against unauthonzed use or disclosurerights clauses only protect physical goods and do not apply to propnetary information or trade secretsOIP Such clauses are difficult to enforce internationally, so they are rarely included in contracts