1. How does the neuroendocrine axis regulate the stress response, encompassing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, and what are the physiological consequences of chronic stress on immune function, metabolism, and mental health ?

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The neuroendocrine axis which includes both the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal HPA axis and the sympatheticadrenalmedullary SAM system plays a crucial r... View the full answer