Question: How would one test to see if the relationship between two variables in a study of public opinions is spurious? Lets say that Javier hypothesizes

How would one test to see if the relationship between two variables in a study of public opinions is spurious? Lets say that Javier hypothesizes that there is a relationship between obesity and COVID-related deaths, but another researcher, Kendra, thinks that Javier is wrong, the relationship is spurious because poverty levels leads to greater rates of obesity and COVID-related deaths. What would you do to test to see whether Javier or Kendra (or both Javier and Kendra) is correct?

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