Hypothetical: Dr$.$ Dredd, or "The Malpractice Machine" as his friends call him, has had quite enough of all these lawsuits. He presents each patient that requests his services sign a contract stating that they will not sue him.

When they do sue them, how will the judge rule?

Dr$.$ Dredd's contract is unenforceable. The parties to the contract have not exchanged consideration.

Dr$.$ Dredd's contract is unenforceable. Exculpatory contracts are generally against public policy.

Dr$.$ Dredd's contract is enforceable. The parties are each entitled to the benefit of their bargain.

Dr$.$ Dredd's contract is enforceable. It meets all of the elements of a contract.