In $2008,$ expecting a famine, the South Sudan government paid nearly $$1$ million, according to a $2013$ report by the voice of America for cereals that were never delivered. This is known as the Dura Saga, after the South Sudanese name for sorghum,$$dura$.$World bank auditors found in February $2013$ that $290$ firms were paid without ever having signed a contract, and another $151$ firms were overpaid significantly. A criminal probe launched in the wake of this audit sought to ascertain why the contractors were paid for goods that never arrived, why the prices were so high, and if government officials were involved in the scandal. The investigation was to be led by Prosecutor General Filberto Mayout Mareng.

A February $2012$ report by the$$Sudan Tribune$$described the Dura Saga as the largest and most costly corruption scandal in South Sudan since the nation's founding in $2005$ and maintained that it involved the disappearance of not just one million but several billion dollars that had been allocated for the building and repair of grain stores and the purchase of grain.

In a June $2012$ article, Dr$.$ Jok Madut Jok, Under Secretary of the National Ministry of Culture, put the missing amount at $$4$ million and added the funds are somewhere among the traders who falsely claimed to have delivered the grain, the governors who lied about the grain delivery or were criminally negligent, or the ministers of finance in Juba who approved payments for more than double the national budget.

A list of $81$ fake companies that had allegedly been involved in the scandal was posted online in January $2013,$ along with appropriated amounts for each firm ranging from $400,000$to $2,000,000$SSP$.$ Among those blamed for the scandal were Michael Makuei Lueth, Parliamentary Affairs minister, whose then$-$ministry had registered the companies, and Benjamin Bol Mel, chairman of the Chamber of Commerce and owner of the ABMC construction company, who wrote to President Kiir to insist payment for the bogus contracts.

An audit of government accounts showed that over $$1$ billion had disappeared without a trace from $2005$ to $2006.$ The parliament subsequently summoned Arthur Akwen Chol, former Minister of Finance and Economic Planning, and Elijah Malok Aleng, former Governor of what was then called the Central Bank of Southern Sudan $($CBoSS$)$ and accused them of aiding corruption. Chol refused to appear; Malok did appear, and denied guilt, while saying that some of the missing funds had been diverted into Akwen's personal accounts. Akwen was also accused of buying government vehicles from the Cardinal Company at an inflated price, but Akwen said that he had made the purchase at the direction of Vice President Riek Machar. Machar, in turn, while admitting to having asked Akwen to purchase vehicles, denied being involved in the details of the transaction.$[3]$

Between $2006$ and $2012,$ the country spent $$1\mathrm{.}7$ billion on road construction, but only $75$ kilometers of roads had been built or paved. Stephen Madut Baak, a presidential advisor, was caught at Heathrow Airport$$in $2008$ with allegedly $$3$ million in cash $$which was later confirmed by the Government of Southern Sudan to be false information as Mr$.$ Stephen Madut Baak was only in possession of $$137,000$ to open the Government of Southern Sudan liaison office in London. Due to UK restrictions on such sums of money coming from countries outside of the European Union and failure to declare the funds, the money was seized by HM Revenue and Customs, however, the total sum was cleared of any suspicions and was released back to him by the local authorities within $24$ hours.$$Also in $2008,$ Arthur Akuien Chol, former Finance Minister, reportedly stole $$600$ million. $$In $2009,$ a sum of $$323,000$ that was intended for East African students was deposited into a private bank account in Uganda.

On September $5,2011,$ President Kiir demanded that $488$ million$$SSP $($$$244$ million$)$ be awarded to ABMC Company, a private construction firm owned by a close associate of Kiir's, Benjamin Bol Mel, without the Council of Ministers' approval. The payment was supposedly for road construction, but as of $2013,$ according to Nyol Gaar Nguen, there was little evidence that the firm had actually done any construction work in connection with the contract. President Kiir reported $$4$ billion missing in $2012.$In $2013,$ $$6$ million was reported stolen from the president's office.$$From $2012$ to $2013,$ the Ministry of Roads and Bridges overspent its budget by $1513\%.$ Cash sums of $$14,000$ and $176,000$SSP $($$$55,000)$ were reportedly stolen from the president's office in March $2013.1.$ What caused the scandal $2.$Different forms in which fraud occurred in the scandal and by who $3.$What stage of procurement had anormallies and what the anormallies were and by who $4.$And what was not done right according to the scandal $5.$Based on the facts, what could$$ve been done differently to avoid the scandal by who $6.$What impact did the scandal did it have on the different stakeholders