In lecture we discussed the Pager $(2003)$ study. This study found that prospective employers called Black applicants back less frequently than white applicants. Which of the following accounted for this finding?

White applicants got better letters of recommendation from previous employers.

Employers $($un$)$consciously favored white applicants over Black applicants.

On the whole, white applicants' resumes were better than those of Black applicants.

Applicants with a criminal record were called less frequently, and white applicants were less likely to have a criminal record.