In the $1990$ s$,$ Pfizer, Inc., developed a new antibiotic called Trovan $($trova$-$floxacin mesylate$).$ Tests show Trovan had life$-$threatening side effects, including joint disease, abnormal cartilage growth, liver damag degenerative bone condition. In $1996,$ an epidemic of bacterial meningitis swept across Nigeria. Pfizer physicians to test Trovan on children who were patients in Nigeria's Infectious Disease Hospital. Pfizer patients' consent, alert them to the risks, or tell them that M$$decins Sans Fronti$$res $($Doctors Without providing an effective conventional treatment at the same site. Eleven children died in the experiment left blind, deaf, paralyzed, or brain damaged. Rabi Abdullahi and other Nigerian children filed a suit in district court against Pfizer, alleging a violation of a customary international law norm prohibiting invc experimentation on humans. Did Pfizer violate any ethical standards?

a$.$ Yes. In fact, their behavior should be considered criminal under any civilized law of decency.

b$.$ No$.$ If they did not violate any laws, then their behavior was ethical.

c$.$ No$.$ There are always risks with medication.

d$.$ No$.$ Experimerns are always done to test new drugs