In the Bakke $(1978)$ case, the Supreme Court ruled that

a$)$ all affirmative action policies were unconstitutional.

b$)$ all affirmative action policies would be subject to strict scrutiny by the courts.

c$)$ quotas and separate admissions standards forfinginorities were unconstitutional but affirmative action could be$$ used.

d$)$ quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were constitutional but other forms of affirmative action were unconstitutional.