In the Bastian et al. (2015) article, the optimization problem revolves around finding the best way to optimize staff holdings in a healthcare setting to ensure a balance between quality patient care and safety. The objective function is to maximize patient care quality and safety while minimizing the need for nursing staff to work overtime. The constraints in the article refer to the limitations and considerations that need to be taken into account when optimizing staff holdings. These constraints include factors such as the availability of nursing staff, the need to maintain a certain nurse-to-patient ratio, and the requirement to ensure effective healthcare delivery. The constraints ensure that the optimization solution aligns with the goals and requirem