In the Bastian et al. (2015) article, the optimization problem revolves around finding the best way to optimize staff holdings in a healthcare setting to ensure a balance between quality patient care and safety. The objective function is to maximize patient care quality and safety while minimizing the need for nursing staff to work overtime. The constraints in the article refer to the limitations and considerations that need to be taken into account when optimizing staff holdings. These constraints include factors such as the availability of nursing staff, the need to maintain a certain nurse-to-patient ratio, and the requirement to ensure effective healthcare delivery. The constraints ensure that the optimization solution aligns with the goals and requirements of the healthcare organization. One aspect that was done well in the article is the clear identification of the optimization problem and the objective function. The authors clearly state the need to balance patient care quality and safety with the need to minimize overtime for nursing staff. This provides a clear focus for the optimization process. However, a shortcoming in the article is the lack of specific examples or case studies to illustrate the application of the optimization problem. While the problem is described in general terms, it would have been beneficial to see how the optimization techniques were applied in a real-world healthcare setting. This would have provided more practical insights and a better understanding of the potential impact of the optimization solution. Overall, the article provides a good overview of the optimization problem in healthcare staffing and highlights the importance of balancing patient care quality and safety with staffing considerations. However, the lack of specific examples limits the practical application of the concepts discussed