Information systems $($IS$)$:

is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data.

are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.

are interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization.

$$ all of the above