Language learning apps such as Duolingo (https://www.duolingo.com/approach (Links to an external site.)) can educate thousands of users simultaneously at a tiny fraction of the cost of face-to-face language courses. This is achieved by codifying/recording content, automating assignments, and using algorithms to tailor content based upon users previous performance.

Explain how these apps create denser value propositions than face-to-face language classes by applying Normanns dematerialisation framework. [5 points]