Question: LetA, B, C, and Dbe states in an apportionment problem. As usual, denote the state populations by, , , pA,pB,pC,pD, and the standard quotas by

LetA, B, C, and Dbe states in an apportionment problem. As usual, denote the state populations by, , ,

pA,pB,pC,pD, and the standard quotas by qA+qB+qC+qD. Each of the expressions below refers to a "tool" used in apportionment problems. Describe what each expression refers to and give a brief explanation.

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