Log 3, which functions as a synthesis matrix, students will document supplemental sources (of any type) that fill informational and perspectival gaps in their research.

At the top of Research Log 3, state your (sub-)discipline, the current and unresolved issue you selected, and the most recent version of your refined research question. Include, in parentheses, the citation style preferred by your discipline.

synthesis matrix, which you will use to log information from the eight (8) most credible and useful sources collected throughout the entirety of your research process (Logs 1-2 and supplemental). A matrix template is provided below: should be in a table.

Sources	Theme 1	Theme 2	Theme 3	Theme 4
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Source 4
Source 5
Source 6
Source 7
Source 8

On the final page of your project, respond to the following three reflection questions.

1. Discuss how you made determinations about which themes were most pertinent to answering your research question and should be used in your matrix, and to what extent your careful reading of the sources informed these determinations.

2. Discuss what informational and perspectival gaps you identified when reading your preliminary matrix, what search strategies you used to find supplemental sources, and how these supplemental sources filled these research gaps.

3. Discuss how you moved past personal beliefs about the issue to fully engage in an inquiry-driven (rather than thesisdriven) research process with an open mind about the information and perspectives you found across the three logs.

Refined Research Question: How does the implementation of community-based health education programs contribute to improving vaccination rates among marginalized populations, and what role do cultural factors play in the effectiveness of such interventions?

Research Log 3 table should include at least eight sources (8) and four or five (4-5) themes. A complete matrix is provided as an example S O U R C E S H O U S I N G P R O B L E M S F L O O R I N G S O L U T I O N S M O N I T O R I N G S O L U T I O N S O T H E R H O U S I N G S O L U T I O N S H O W T O I M P L E M E N T S O L U T I O N S Source 1 Berckmans, D. (2014). (Type): Scholarly Poor ventilation (and no way to monitor ventilation in housing) leads to significant ammonia leakage in environment (p. 189). Overcrowding and less time make it difficult to monitor individual animals (p. 190). Precision livestock farming uses cameras, microphones, and sensors (and a wireless dashboard) to allow for "real-time monitoring and control" of animal welfare and housing conditions. Can detect issues with ventilation, feed supply, heating/cooling, electricity, lighting, temperature, etc. Can also record coughs, which may be sign of respiratory disease (p. 190), animal behavior (p. 191), and weight/growth (p. 192). Any issue results in alert to dashboard/farmer using wireless data transmission (p. 192). PLF allows for fully automated farming but farmers must monitor the dashboard (p. 193-194). EU's Welfare Quality project "aims to develop a methodology to score animal welfare on farms" (p. 189). Source 2 D'Silva, J. (2006). (Type): Scholarly Calves (for veal) are kept in individual crates from the age of 1 week to slaughter at the age of 4-6 months. They can only "stand up, lie down and take a couple of steps forwards or backwards." Similarly, pregnant sows are kept in single stall gestation crates "The sow spends most of her 16.5-week pregnancy in the individual stall, and is unable to turn round throughout that time. She lies on a concrete and slatted floor with no straw or other bedding material for comfort" (p. 55). Day-old chicks are packed "20,000 at a time, into large, often windowless, sheds. The floor is composed of wood shavings known as litter... as they get near slaughter weight, their space allowance drops so that there are often 17-20 chickens per m2 of floor space. By this time, the floor appears to be carpeted with chickens. Birds struggling to get to the food and watering points are frequently observed.... One of the main jobs of the broiler stockman is to walk through the sheds daily, removing the dead chickens and culling the dying ones." (p. 55). "Because caged hens stand on a sloping wire mesh floor, they are unable to indulge their instincts for dust-bathing or the normal nearconstant pecking at the ground for food. They therefore tend to turn on each other and peck out each other's feathers. To prevent the severe damage that occurs due to feather pecking, birds often have the front one-third of their beak cut off when they are a couple of days old" (p. 56). "Allowing the animals free movement and access to adequate space will encourage healthy bone and muscular development and reduce the likelihood of antisocial and stereotypic behaviors. Free movement will promote behaviors, such as mothering or exploratory play, which have positive effects on the health and well-being of farm animals. Keeping animals in better environments will be better for the environment itself too. The gallons of liquid slurry that pour from intensive dairy and pig farms can be replaced by more healthy manure, or if the animals are freeranging, the manure can serve to fertilize fields naturally. Therefore, less artificial fertilizers would be required and water pollution and air pollution caused by intensive units could be dramatically reduced" (p. 57). "Compassion in World Farming sees free-range and organic farming systems as the means to providing animals with the more natural lives that they surely deserve. If they are to end up on our plates and in our stomachs, then we owe them a life worth living" (p. 57). Source 3 Dawkins, M. S., Donnelly, C. A., & Jones, T. A. (2004, January 22). (Type): Scholarly "Of the commercially relevant factors that seemed to allow some companies to 'cope' better than others with high stocking densities, the most likely candidates were those that affected litter moisture and air ammonia (p. 342). "High concentrations of ammonia were, unexpectedly, associated with lower mortality, but both litter moisture and air ammonia were correlated with higher faecal corticosteroid . . . . which suggests that stress on birds and their risk of dying depend on the extent to which companies can control the house environment" (p. 343). Specific housing/environmental issues: litter moisture (due to heater positions) and air ammonia (due to the season and ventilation), as well as temperature and humidity (p. 343). Source 5 Mousseau, L. P., Hatton, R. J., Constantine, M., Botha, S., Hui Xin Goh, A., & Plante, C. (2014). (Type): Gray "Surfaces and flooring should be non-slip, without sharp projections or edges likely to cause injury, and provide for the animal to bear weight on the entire sole of the foot" (p. 16). Source 6 Pepper, C., & Dunlop. M. W. (2021). (Type): Scholarly Not solution per se, but researchers conducted their study by employing monitoring technology, specifically "Tiny Talk data loggers" that recorded temperature and humidity, as well as video cameras that recorded animal behavior (p. 344). Need legislation that not only limits overcrowding, but that also considers the environment (like temperature and humidity) that animals experience in housing, as these factors are more detrimental than the overcrowding itself (p. 343). Source 4 Lindgren, K., Bochicchio, D., Hegelund, L., Leeb, C., Mejer, H., Roepstorff, A., & Sundrum, A. (2014). (Type): Scholarly Pigs in indoor housing are less active, have more health conditions (lesions, lung damage, etc.), and have more aggression than pigs with access to outdoors (p. 141). "Avoid features in the design of the pig environment that may provoke microfractures and increase articular cartilage stress, i.e. differences in floor surface level where the pig must jump up and down" (p. 138). Better animal health when straw is used rather than slatted floors. Respiratory disease and "lying comfort" is higher in slatted floor systems (especially if air quality is poor). Solid floors, on the other hand, have problems with urine/feces drainage and removal (p. 141). For pigs: outdoor housing "with functional wallows and access to grass" and age-separated units necessary to enhance welfare and reduce aggression (p. 135). "Millet et al. (2005) concluded that it is easier to deal with health problems in alternative systems through good management than to change conventional housing systems to meet the pigs' behavioral needs" (p. 144). EU Regulation (EC 834/2007) and Commission Regulation 889/2008 provide framework for housing pigs, but practical implementation varies (p. 135-136). See difference in Denmark farms vs Germany farms discussion (p. 140). Adequacy of "on-farm surveillance" should be regularly assessed (p. 15). Automated systems (for food/water, waste, temperature, ventilation, etc.) should be regularly checked and maintained, with backup systems available (p. 16). Housing should be designed, constructed, and maintained to allow animals to stand, stretch, turn around, sit, and lie down comfortably (p. 16). Stocking density should be low enough to prevent excessive temperatures, aggression, poor litter management (p. 16). Scoring systems by third-party certification companies assess animal welfare in factory farms (p. 10). Animal welfare practices differ amongst cultures (p. 21). "High litter moisture and caking are made worse by several management practices and house design features including high density at placement (to allow for later thinning), concrete floors, pop holes in the sides of free-range houses or inadequate litter depth, floor preheating, and airflow within the houses. Caking is therefore not a natural consequence of indoor chicken rearing but a consequence of dictated production parameters" (p. 1)." "Many of the undesirable litter conditions that litter turning addresses relate to excess moisture in the litter" (p. 3). "We suggest that maintaining drier and more aerobic conditions within the litter is likely to reduce long-term odor emissions from poultry houses" (p. 3). "'Dry and friable' is a termthat is frequently used to describe litter conditions that are required by poultry rearing standards (European Union, 2007; AHA, 2017; RSPCA Australia, 2020) and refers to litter that is dry but not dusty, well-mixed, free-flowing, and may contain a large percentage of manure but no large pieces of caked litter (p. 6). "This highlights the importance of removing moisture from the litter using effective management practices, especially ventilation. Without removing water from the litter with ventilation, the floor of a meat chicken house would be covered with water to a depth of 10 cm by the end of a grow-out" (p. 6). "Economies of scale and concentration of control have allowed such large operations [factory farms] to flourish and to widely overtake and displace the small farm . . . . As factory farms have found ways to cut costs and drive out competitors, it has come at the expense of the animals' welfare and the consumers' health. For instance, increasing the number of animals per square foot--in order to maximize efficiency and profits--increases disease and contamination, as well as animal suffering "(p. 409). "The economic model of factory farming presumes a 'high attrition rate outweighed by a massive production rate. ' This means that the industry makes more money by mistreating animals and losing a substantial percentage of them due to illness and death than they do by raising fewer healthy animals. Thus, factory farmers are economically indifferent to the welfare of their animals since their focus is on the bottom line: plumping up the greatest number of animals to slaughter-weight as quickly and cheaply as possible" (p. 411). Source 7 Stathopoulos, A. S. (2010). (Type): Scholarly "Severe overcrowding and extreme confinement systems should be prohibited on farms" (p. 440). "Comprehensive agency regulation " is needed to effect change. "The FDA should use this authority or, alternatively, the USDA's authority should be expanded, to eliminate dangerous farming practices in order to improve the quality of meat and dairy products and reduce public health risks" (p. 409 -410). "The FDA should define a maximum number of animals allowed per unit of area in group housing, depending on the type of animal, so that the animals are given enough freedom of movement to turn around and extend their limbs without touching another animal. Additionally, the FDA should proscribe the use of battery cages, gestation crates, veal crates, and any other caging system that allows the animals to be kept in extremely close proximity to one another and to their waste " (p. 440). Source 8 Wasley, A., Davies, M., Child, D., & Harvey, F. (2017, July 18). (Type): Popular 50,000 intensive factory farms in US (para. 2). Increasing number are "zero-graze" no outdoor access (para. 5). Practically impossible to treat animals humanely (to provide outside areas and grazing) because of the amount of land needed to keep up with animal demand (para. 17). "New and robust domestic regulations are needed" (para. 20).