m $4.$ Indicate false $($F$)$ or true $($T$)$ for each of the following statements. No

justification is required; but if you think the statement is ambiguous, state

your clarifying assumptions and$/$or justifications. $(15$ points$)$

The congruence $x^2+2=0(mod7)$ has two solutions.

The mix column operation in AES uses effectively a matrix

operation in $GF(2^4)$ using a modulus prime polynomial $m(x).$

To make the operations on $n-$bit word modular, we need to use

an irreducible polynomial of degree $(n+1)$ as modulus when

multiplying two polynomials.

A quantum state may be given for the system of protons as a

whole.

SSL is a two layered protocol. The two layers are the SSL

Handshake Protocol and the SSL Fragmentation Protocol.

In a three$-$way authentication there is no need to check or rely on

timestamps due to the signed copy of nonce coming back from

participant $B.$

Gateways work at the transport layer or at the application layer.

Firewalls can be categorized according to the layers of the

Internet protocol stack at which they operate.

Tunneling cannot connect two networks of the same type, i$.$e$.,$ a

source network and a destination network, over a network of a

different type.

Certificates allow key exchange without real$-$time access to

public$-$key authority.