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or instance, when an electron is bound in a simple hydrogen atom, an electron can take on the familiar orbitals taught in elementary physics and chemistry classes, such as the shape shown on the right. In fact, the word "orbital" in this context really just means "the shape of an electron when acting as a wave bound in an atom". Each atomic orbital is not some mathematical average of where the electron has been, or some average forecast of where the electron may be. Each orbitalisthe electron, spread out in the quantum wavefunction state.

Electrons trapped in the wells of a quantum cascade laser take on wavefunction shapes that look more like our traditional notion of a wave, shown in this computationally-determined plot as the black and colored horizontal squiggles. Public Domain Image, source: Christopher S. Baird.

In the sense of its wave-like state, an electron in a hydrogen atom can have the shape of layered spheres (the "s" states), layered dumbbells (the "p" states), layered four-leaf clovers (the "d" states), andother shapesat higher energies. In other atoms and molecules, an electron can take on even more complex shapes.

An electron can also be trapped by other objects besides atoms. For instance, electrons trapped in the potential wells of a quantum cascade laser take on shapes that look more like traditional waves. An example of electron wavefunction shapes in a quantum cascade laser is shown on the right.

Note that when scientists or journalists say "the shape of an electron is round," they are not talking about the literal shape. They are talking about the electric field distribution created by a free electron, which is entirely different from the actual shape.

quetsions

1.explain how to incorporateLateral communicationefficiently in managementto achieve the short term and long term goal of theco-ordinate activities generated by the transmitting technical information

2.help me understand the utilization of the optimal Lines of formal communication that emanate the required information to explain the required management purposes

3.elaborate theInformal channels of communication (grape -vine communication) that help determine the management of the parameters that represent only a portion of the channels

4. relate to greater depths the Def. informal communication to the discuss enhanced by management in a firm in the within the authority of the participants for better performance

5.design an explanatory plan to discuss thegrape vine referral as a dynamic of communication schemes in management

6.demonstarate the order of events that contribute to the adoptionand functioning of the communication system (channels) in management for efficient external information networks

7.what are the statutory requirements that ought to be met to mitigate the problems imposed by failure to disclose the representatives od the external communication in management

8.clafficy and explain the individual channels of communication that are rendered in thecommunications thatrestricted or classified in management

9.what are the subsequent events after the goals stated in the above question have been achieved?

10.expplain on the negative attitude as a negative and a barrier tothe effective communication in management of a firm and how it generates chaos