Managers are responsible for getting work done through others. We typically describe the key managerial functions as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The definitions for each of these have evolved over time, just as the nature of managing in general has evolved over time. This evolution is best seen in the gradual transition from the traditional hierarchical relationship between managers and employees, to a climate characterized better as an upside-down pyramid, where top executives support middle managers and they, in turn, support the employees who innovate and fulfill the needs of customers and clients. Through all four managerial functions, the work of managers ranges across 10 roles, from figurehead to negotiator. While actual managerial work can seem challenging, the skills you gain through principles of managementconsisting of the functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controllingwill help you to meet these challenges.

Given what you have learned in this module and your experiences in the workplace, answer the following questions.

• Why do organizations need managers?

• Do you believe managers are need? Why or why not? Explain your rationale.

• What are some different types of managers and how do they differ?