Many theorists consider innovation to be a systemic process. The system includes interdependence and interconnection. Systems are described as being closed self-contained and not interacting with other systems, or open having external interactions. Generally, theorists describe the innovation system as:

A. Run by national governments.

B. Static and unchanging.

C. Open and interoperating at a number of levels and in complex ways.

D. Closed and self-contained, based on inputs and outputs.