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Science tells us what is true, but not what is right Katharine Hayhoe and Douglas Hayhoe Katharine Hayhoe received her doctorate in environmental science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Hayhoe is a climate scientist who has written extensively on the topic of climate change. Her book on that topic is titled A Climate for Change: Global Warming Facts for Faith-Based Decisions (2011). She is also CEO of Atmos Research and Consulting, a company that provides scientific data and models on the future impact of climate change. Douglas Hayhoe, Katharine's father, received his doctorate in education from the University of Toronto. His work focuses on the intersection of faith and science, and especially how to reconcile the two in the classroom. This article was first published by Biologos, a website about science in the context of faith, in 2017. Science provides humans with a powerful way to understand creation and harness it for the common good. When Galileo's observations, supporting the idea that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun, were criticized as contrary to biblical revelation, he responded that using our intellect systematically must be what God intended: "I don't think so." I feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with the senses, reason and intellect has wanted us to renounce their use and, by other means, give us the knowledge that we can achieve through them.”1 During the last Five centuries, the consistent application of the scientific method has enabled immeasurable advances in technology and medicine. Experiments typically begin by asking questions, formulating hypotheses, planning investigations, and making observations. Scientific research continues through the interpretation and analysis of data, the construction of models, and the sharing of results.2 Throughout these steps, the common threads of the peer review process are executed (subject to the scrutiny of the peers with more knowledge about the topic in question) and repeatability (results can be duplicated by independent researchers).3 These two factors are key to the way “science works, achieving consensus,” a consensus that is not based on opinions and conjectures, but on documented facts and proven theories.4 Science identifies physical relationships and principles that explain the world around us. These principles can often be extrapolated far beyond the conditions under which they were observed. This ability to extrapolate gives science a unique and powerful predictive power. For example, after Herschel discovered the planet Uranus in 1781, astronomer Le Verrier used Newton's law of gravity to deduce the existence of another planet disturbing its orbit.Based on mathematical analysis, he was able to predict exactly where this new planet, Neptune, would be discovered.5 As ecologist Hugh Gauch states in a book on the scientific method, science relies on "deductive and inductive logic" to make rationality and truth.”6 In the area of climate change, the scientific method can document how the climate is changing. Science can test all hypotheses that could explain the observed change and identify the one that is most consistent with the data: humans are responsible. Physical principles related to infrared absorption by heat-trapping gases and heat exchange between the atmosphere and ocean form the basis of complex models of the Earth system. These models are what we use to understand the implications of the choices our society makes: What will the future look like if we continue to rely on fossil fuels for energy, compared to a future in which we transition to other energy sources? cleaner? However, what science cannot do is tell us which choice is the right one. As the American Association for the Advancement of Science states: “There are many issues that cannot be usefully examined scientifically.” ethical problems for which science, by itself, provides neither answers nor solutions.”8 The limitations of science were expressed even more vividly by Erwin Schrödinger, the Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist, when he said: “[Science] It puts all our experience in a magnificently consistent order, but it is appallingly silent about everything that is really close to our hearts… it knows nothing of the beautiful or the ugly, the good or the bad, God and eternity.”9 To answer the tough questions (How should we respond to climate change? Is genetic engineering acceptable? Why are we here? Is there hope for the future?), we have to look beyond the facts, the data. and observations. To paraphrase the author of Hebrews, science is the evidence of things seen; Faith, on the other hand, is the “evidence of things not seen” (Hebrews 11:1, King James Version). Our ultimate meaning in life, the inner sense of the infinite we possess, our ultimate purpose and destiny: these are topics about which science is silent, but our faith is loud. As NT Wright points out in his lecture "Can a Scientist Believe in the Resurrection?" Neither historical evidence alone, nor scientific evidence alone, will convince someone to become a believer.10 We must be open to forms of knowledge appropriate to the new creation: hope, faith, and love. Our knowledge is based on the hope of new life, faith in the risen Christ, and the experience of the Father's love for us.Wright concludes: “All knowledge is a gift from God, historical and scientific knowledge no less than that of faith, hope and love; but the greatest of them is love.”11 That love is what leads us toward the answers to our deepest and most difficult questions. Katharine Hayhoe and Douglas Hayhoe, “Science Tells Us What is True, but Not What is Right,” originally published as “The Powers and Limitations of Science,” in When God and Science Meet: Surprising Discoveries of Concordance. Copyright © 2015 The National Association of Evangelicals. Reprinted with permission of the authors and the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE).