Mark the correct ones below with $"$T$"$ and the wrong ones with $"$F$".(20$P$)$

Bias is a fixed input with a value of $1$ applied to balance the network in Artificial Immune Systems.

Artificial Neural networks consultant learns.

Fuzzy Control Systems give a probabilistic result at the output.

Association rules are used to extract meaningful patterns from a data set.

What are the stopping criteria in Artificial Neural Networks? ExplainRIL $(30$P$)$

Answer the following items briefly $(20$ P $)$:

a$)$ How does Adaptive Learning occur? What are example algorithms? $(5$P$).$

b$)$ How does Consultant Learning occur? What are example algorithms? $(5$ P$).$

c$)$ What is the purpose of cloning in the Clonal Selection Algorithm? $(5$P$)$

d$)$ What happens if there is no mutation in the optimization algorithms? $(5$P$)$