Microprocessor:

A microprocessor is a central processing unit $($CPU$)$ that performs computational tasks in a general$-$purpose manner.

It is the "brain" of a computer and is designed to execute instructions from software applications.

Microprocessors don't typically have built$-$in peripherals like timers, ADCs, or memory for program storage.

They require external components for memory, input$/$output interfacing, and other functionalities.

Examples include processors like Intel's Pentium, AMD's Ryzen, etc.

Microcontroller:

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that combines a microprocessor with essential peripherals like timers, memory, input$/$output ports, and sometimes even analog$-$to$-$digital converters $($ADCs$).$

Microcontrollers are designed for specific tasks and are used in embedded systems, where they control devices and processes.

They're often used in applications like robotics, automation, consumer electronics, and more.

Microcontrollers usually have limited computing power compared to microprocessors, but they are more self$-$contained and can operate with minimal external components.

Examples include the Arduino boards, PIC microcontrollers from Microchip, AVR microcontrollers from Atmel $($now part of Microchip$),$ etc