modeling attacks due to their predictable internal structure.

Memory$-$based PUFs, such as SRAM and Butterfly PUFs, offer an alternative approach by leveraging inherent variations in memory cells to produce stable responses. Reconfigurable PUFs, a relatively novel advancement, allow dynamic configurations to generate diverse CRPs$,$ improving security against emulation attacks. However, PUFs are not without limitations; they face threats like side$-$channel attacks, fault injections, and invasive probing. For instance, attackers can exploit side$-$channel information such as power consumption or electromagnetic emissions to deduce CRPs$.$ Proposed countermeasures include incorporating noise$-$generating components to obscure observable parameters and enhancing error$-$correction mechanisms within fuzzy extractors. Although significant progress has been made, research highlights the need for continuous innovation in PUF design to mitigate emerging threats and improve their robustness and scalability in security$-$critical applications like IoT and hardware cryptography. parapharase this