Module $12$

$12\mathrm{.}1.$ What are the origins of the object$-$oriented approach?

$12\mathrm{.}2.$ What primary characteristics should an OID possess?

$12\mathrm{.}3.$ Discuss the various type constructors. How are they used to create complex object structures?

$12\mathrm{.}4.$ Discuss the concept of encapsulation, and tell how it is used to create abstract data types.

$12\mathrm{.}6.$ What is the relationship between a type and its subtype in a type hierarchy? What is the constraint that is enforced on extents corresponding to types in the type hierarchy?

$12\mathrm{.}7.$ What is the difference between persistent and transient objects? How is persistence handled in typical OO database systems?

$12\mathrm{.}8.$ How do regular inheritance, multiple inheritance, and selective inheritance differ?

$12\mathrm{.}9.$ Discuss the concept of polymorphism$/$operator overloading.

$12\mathrm{.}10.$ Discuss how each of the following features is realized in SQL $2008$: object identifier, type inheritance, encapsulation of operations, and complex object structures.

$12\mathrm{.}13.$ What are the differences and similarities between objects and literals in the ODMG object model?

$12\mathrm{.}23.$ What are the main differences between designing a relational database and an object database?

Module $13$

$13\mathrm{.}1.$ What are the differences between structured, semi structured, and unstructured data?

$13\mathrm{.}3.$ What are the differences between the use of tags in XML versus HTML$?$

$13\mathrm{.}4.$ What is the difference between data$-$centric and document$-$centric XML documents?

$13\mathrm{.}5.$ What is the difference between attributes and elements in XML$?$ List some of the important attributes used to specify elements in XML schema.

Submit questions and answers as a word document with any sources used on the final page.