Mr$.$ Smith told his client, Mr$.$ Jabar, who was not an IT expert, that the new software systems were much better than his existing ones. To convince Mr$.$ Jabar, Mr$.$ Smith used a great deal of technical jargon that his client did not really understand. Mr$.$ Smith did this intentionally to confuse Mr$.$ Jabar. This is an example of

a$.$

noise.

b$.$

omission lying.

c$.$

surrogate lying.

d$.$

implied falsity.

e$.$

false advertising.