multiple choice:

1. The aim for cleaning up hazardous waste sites must be

A. zero risk as money is not an issue

B. acceptable risk at acceptable cost

C.as cheap as possible, as we cant be sure of the threshold values

2. The overall scientific approach, including data collection, to calculate risks is called

A. risk management

B. hazard identification

C. risk assessment

D.risk characterization

3. In order to control our exposure to cancer causing toxics, the EPA attempts levels that will pose incremental lifetime cancer risks to the

A. least exposed members of only 10-6

B. most exposed members of only 10-4

C. least exposed members of roughly 10-6 to 10-4

D. most exposed members of roughly 10-6 to 10-4

4. Smoking 1.4 cigarettes presents an equivalent risk to living within 5 miles of a nuclear facility for 50 years or:

A. Drinking a bottle of wine

B. Traveling 10 miles by bicycle

C. Flying 100 miles by jet

D. Traveling in a canoe

5. In which order, from first to last, do the elements of a risk assessment occur?

A. Risk characterization -> Hazard identification -> Dose-response assessment -> Exposure assessment

B. Hazard identification -> Exposure assessment = Dose-response assessment -> Risk characterization

C. Risk characterization -> Dose-response assessment -> Exposure assessment -> Hazard identification

D. Dose-response assessment -> Exposure assessment -> Hazard identification -> Risk characterization

6. Long-term chronic tests of chemicals at different doses are carried out in which step?

A. Hazard identification

B. Dose-response assessment

C. Exposure assessment

D. Risk characterization

7. When a toxic substance affects the blood it is called

A. Pulmanotoxicity

B. Heptatoxicity

C. Nephrotoxicity

D. Hematotoxicity

8. A chemical once ingested can never be metabolized to produce a more toxic substance

A. true

B. false

9. To our best knowledge, chlorinated hydrocarbons affect especially these tissues.

A. heart and soft tissue

B. lungs and gastrointestinal tract

C. liver and kidneys

10. The extrapolation to individuals of different sizes is possible thanks to

A. the existence of a conventional rating system

B. the dose being expressed as milligram of chemical ingested per kilogram of body weight

C. the mortality being given in percent

D. the use of a logarithmic scale

11. How many pounds of sucrose does it take to kill a man?

A. 1 lb

B. 2 lbs

C. 3 lbs

D. 4 lbs

12. Would you rather be exposed to 100 mg/kg of Chemical A or Chemical C as represented in Figure 4.4?

A. Chemical A

B. Chemical B

C. Chemical C

D. Not enough information to tell

13. The process of risk assessments focuses

A. more on long term, chronic responses

B. more on acute responses

C. only on cancer causing substances

D. only on teratogens

14. Chemicals that cause birth defects are known as_______. Chemicals that cause cancer are called _____.

A. carcinogens, mutagens

B. teratogens, carcinogens

C. genotoxics, mutatoxics

D. somatic cell toxins, sarcogens

15. ______tumors are harder to treat

A. Benign

B. Malignant

C.Metastasis

16. An odds ratio below 1.0 suggests that there is

A. a relationship between exposure and risk

B. no relationship between exposure and risk

C. no way to determine a relationship between exposure and risk

17. The response (or risk) from the dose-response curve has no units because

A. the units of the fraction are reduced.

B. it is an estimated value.

C. it is a probability.

18. The dose-response data gained from animals testing can only be applied to humans when the data include a surface area comparison.

A. true

B. false

19. The one-hit model

A. agrees with a mechanistic model of carcinogenesis, in which it is assumed that a single chemical hit is capable of inducing a tumor.

B. is the best approach to extrapolate from high dosed administered to test animal to the low doses to which humans are likely to be exposed.

C. predicts that for high doses the extra lifetime probability of cancer is linearly to dose.

D. has its roots in the multistage model of tumor formation.

21. The incremental lifetime cancer risk

A. is the chronic daily intake divided by the potency factor.

B. can be found in an EPA database.

C. estimates the risk of dying of cancer.

D. indirectly estimates the risk of getting cancer.

22. The drinking water equivalent level (DWEL)

A. is the concentration that refers to a risk goal of 10-9

B. always needs to include an absorption factor.

C. assumes that a 70 kg adult consumes 2 L of water per day.

24. The reference dose (RfD)

A. is obtained by dividing the NOAEL by an appropriate uncertainty factor (or safety factor)

B. is always obtained by dividing the LOAEL by an appropriate uncertainty factor (or safety factor)

C. equals the acceptable daily intake (ADI) divided by the chronic daily intake (CDI)

D. is indirectly proportional to the acceptable daily intake (ADI).

25. The hazard index

A. gives information about a carcinogen.

B. gives information about the safety of the reference dose value (RfD).

C. is directly proportional to the reference dose (RfD)

D. equals the average daily intake (ADI) for carcinogens divided by the reference dose (RfD).

26. The human exposure assessment

A. only applies to carcinogens when human data are used to estimate the risk.

B. describes and estimates only the pathways of the toxic agents.

C. consists of the estimation of pathways that allow toxic agents to be transported and of an estimation of the amount of contact that is likely to occur between people and those contaminants.

D. evaluates only the amount of contact that is likely to occur between people and those hazardous contaminants.

27. Risk characterization

A. simply multiplies the dose by the potency to get an individual risk.

B. should only present a single number that is easy to comprehend for a general audience.

C. is an estimate of the magnitude of the public-health problem.

D. sets fixed and accurate data