Need help with the red boxes. Thank you!

Ms. S owns a portfolio containing some special securities that she believes will perform well compared to the market as a whole over the next several months However, Ms. S realizes that her portfolio has a high beta relative to the market as a whole and so is exposed to a significant degree of market risk. If the general market declines, her portfolio will also decline, even if her special securities do well Let P represent the value of Ms. S's portfolio in terms of the present value Po and portfolio return rate r p for the period from now to time T in the future (1) P(T) PO (1+rP) ( Let M be the market as represented by the Standard and Poors 500 stock index. In terms of the present value Mo and market return rate rM write lo as PO, Tp as rP) for the period from now to time T. (2) M(T)-MO*(1+rM) (Write 10 as The beta of portfolio P with respect to the market is defined as (3) betapCOVGP.M By using the identities var(X + a-var(X), cov(X + a. . + b)-cov(x, y) (Write M) as MO, T var(rM) COV var(cX) var(X),cov(cX, dY) cdcov(X, Y) where a, b, c, d are constants, it follows from (1), (2) and (3) that )betap VaMT(POMO) Ms. S decides to hedge against market risk by using futures