Question: Of the four (4) elements required to establish 'cause-and-effect' (whether one variable influences another), which one requires a conclusion based on probability/statistics? a. Is there

Of the four (4) elements required to establish 'cause-and-effect' (whether one variable influences another), which one requires a conclusion based on probability/statistics? a. Is there a logical reason (e.g., theory) that explains 'why?' one variable would influence the other? b. Is the 'temporal' logic sound? (That is, does the supposed 'causing' variable change before the 'effected' variable)? c. Is there 'concomitant variation' between the two variables? (Is a change in the 'causing' variable reflected by a change in the 'effected' variable?) d. Are there any other variables (than the supposed 'causing' variable) that better explain changes in the 'effected' variable

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