Organizing the work effort in a manner that promotes proficient performance of execution$-$critical value chain activities typically entails

making those organizational units performing these key value chain activities the main building blocks in the enterprise's organizational scheme.

organizing around functional departments $($R&D$,$ engineering and design, production and operations, sales and marketing, information technology, finance and accounting, and human resources$).$

organizing value chain activities in a manner that produces maximum operating flexibility.

empowering company personnel to perform value chain tasks in whatever manner they believe results in the fewest defects and overall best quality outcome.

creating departments to perform each primary value chain activity and having these departments operate as an independent profit center.