Planning and goal setting can be complex and difficult tasks because the decisions managers need to make: are often affected by uncertainty and conflicts of interest among managers affected by the decisions. involve a lot of thinking time that keeps them from working on other important organizational issues. often require changes in the organization's information technology. are difficult to change if they turn out to be bad decisions. QUESTION 8 The main difference between the hierarchy of authority and direct managerial contact as integrating mechanisms is that: direct managerial contact is generally more effective regardless of the specific circumstances the hierarchy of authority is generally better at managing conflict regardless of the situation. direct managerial contact is more appropriate when the management of difficult political and cultural issues across subunits is involved. the hierarchy of authority is generally better when the problems involve dealing with complex and changing external environments. QUESTION 9 John Corson joined Ellis Technology, Inc. as a mechanical engineer. Recently, he moved into management. Although he enjoys addressing engineering issues, he is having trouble understanding his subordinates as people and building effective working relationships with them. This indicates that Ken is experiencing difficulty developing his: human skills. O reasoning skills. planning skills. conceptual skills