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5. The probabilistic approach to calculate expected returns Aa Aa Investors are willing to make investments because they expect a return from doing so. As the name suggests, expected returns are not assured. Because they occur in the future, expected returns cannot be observed either, so stock analysts substitute historical realized returns in their mathematical analyses Realized return is the name for returns that have actually been earned. Many analysts use past realized returns to both predict future performance and to estimate the riskiness of the asset Realized returns on Happy Turtle Transporters, Inc. are given in the following table: 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Stock Return 25.46% 15.20% 22.99% 47.50% 12.35% The average realized return on Happy Turtle Transporters, Inc.'s stock from 2013 to 2017 was 24.70% Based on economic conditions, you compiled the following information with estimates of returns from Happy Turtle Transporters, Inc.'s stock and the probabilities associated with the economic condition for the next year: Market Condition Probability (p1) Happy Turtle Transporters, Inc. (rn) Boom Normal Recession 0.20 0.35 0.45 30% 18% 24% Using this information, calculate the standard deviation of returns from Happy Turtle Transporters, Inc.'s stock. 4.84% 41.65% 23.46% 550.35% Analysts and finance professionals often use the historical standard deviation to calculate estimates of the future variability. An important disclaimer in their analysis, however, always states that past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Thus, it is important to understand that the average realized rate of return (r) should not be used as the expected rate of return (r)