Please answer all 3 questions

Down with Dumping "WTO Agrees to Probe EU Duties on Chinese Footwear"... "Canada Launches WTO Challenge to US" ... "Mexico Widens Anti-dumping Measure" ... "Rough Road Ahead for US-China Trade are just a sampling of headlines from around the world. International trade theories argue that nations should open their doors to trade. Conventional free-trade wisdom says that, by trading with others, a country can offer its citizens a greater quantity and selection of goods at cheaper prices than it could in the absence of trade. Nevertheless, truly free trade still does not exist because national governments intervene. On average, 234 antidumping cases are initiated each year with the WTO. For example, in 2017, the US Department of Commerce charged Japan with dumping steel rebar in the US at nearly 209 percent below fair market value. That same year the United States imposed an antidumping duty on imports of shrimp from Vietnam. Earlier, the US government slapped around 100 percent tariffs on shrimp imported from China and Vietnam when it believed those nations were dumping crustaceans on US markets. Whereas the United States and the European Union initiated half of all WTO cases in prior years, they now initiate only about a quarter of all cases-more than half are now brought by emerging markets. China launched an inquiry to determine whether synthetic rubber imports (used in tires and footwear) from Japan, South Korea, and Russia are being dumped in the country. Mexico expanded the use of its system that requires exporters (from a select list of countries) to notify Mexican officials of the amount and price of a shipment 10 days prior to its expected arrival in Mexico. The 10- day notice gives domestic producers advanced warning of low-priced products so they can report dumping before the products clear customs and enter the marketplace. Argentina, India, Indonesia, South Africa, South Korea, and Thailand are also using this increasingly popular tool of protectionism. Why is dumping so popular? Oddly enough, the WTO allows it. The WTO made major inroads on the use of tariffs, slashing them across almost every product category in recent years. But it has authority to punish only governments, not companies. So, the WTO cannot make judgments against individual companies that are dumping products in other markets. It can only pass rulings against the government of the country that imposes an antidumping duty. But the WTO allows countries to retaliate against nations whose producers are suspected of dumping when it can be shown that: (1) alleged offenders are significantly hurting domestic producers, and (2) the export price is lower than the cost of production or lower than the home market price. Alternatives to bringing antidumping cases before the WTO do exist. The United States relied on a Section 201, or "global safeguard," investigation under US trade law to slap tariffs of up to 30 percent on steel imports. The US steel industry had been suffering under an onslaught of steel imports from Brazil, the European Union, Japan, and South Korea. Yet nations brought complaints about the Section 201 action before the WTO. Supporters of antidumping tariffs claim that they prevent dumpers from undercutting the prices charged by producers in a target market and driving them out of business. Another claim in support of antidumping is that it is an excellent way of retaining some protection against the potential dangers of totally free trade. Detractors of antidumping tariffs charge that once such tariffs are imposed they are rarely removed. They also claim that it costs companies and governments a great deal of time and money to file and argue their cases. It is also argued that the fear of being charged with dumping causes international competitors to keep their prices higher in a target market than would otherwise be the case. This would allow domestic companies to charge higher prices and not lose market share-forcing consumers to pay more for their goods. Thinking Globally 6-19. People love finding a bargain on their favorite items while shopping. But few people would likely want those items made in the home market (which would create jobs) if it meant paying a higher price for them. Do you agree with this sentiment? Explain. 6-20. Do you think that people from different cultures would respond differently to the above question? If so, explain. 6-21. The WTO cannot punish individual companies, but can only direct its actions toward governments of countries. Why do you think the WTO was not given authority to charge individual companies with dumping