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11.5 In 2007, CLS Bank International filed suit against Alice Corporation seeking a declaratory judgment of nonin- fringement, invalidity, and unen forceability of certain Alice patents. Alice responded by filing a countersuit claiming infringement. The patents involve the manage- ment of risk relating to specified, yet unknown, future events. More specifically, the patents involve a comput- erized trading platform used for financial transactions whereby a trusted third party" verifies that the parties who have entered into a transaction are able to perform their obligations at settlement, in essence minimizing what is known as "settlement risk." (Settlement risk increases when foreign currency transactions and dif- ferent time zones are involved.) The third party ensures that no events have occurred between the time the deal was executed and the time of settlement that would have resulted in one party's performing its payment obliga- tion while the other party could notthat is, either both parties will simultaneously perform their financial obligations or neither party will. The patents incorpo rate methods of exchanging obligations, data-processing systems, and computer-readable media claims. Under 35 U.S.C. $ 101, there are four categories of patent-eligible subject matter-processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter. This broad definition excludes three "judicially created excep- tionslaws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideasbecause allowing these basic tools of scientific and technological work to be patented would obstruct innovation. Do the patents owned by Alice that cover system claims, method caims, and computer-readable media claims fit within one of the four subject-matter categories? If so, which ones? Do the patents fall within one of the three exceptions? If so, which ones, and why? Some corpo rations assert that business process patents are issued too easily" and stifle innovation, while others have argued that applying stricter tests could make software virtu- ally ineligible for patent protection. What factors should be considered when patenting software? [CLS Bank International v. Alice Corporation Party Ltd., 717 F.3d 1269 (Fed. Cir. 2013), aff'd, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014).]