Please answer the following 4.

1. In their article "How to separate learning myths from reality," McKinsey consultants Atabaki, Dietsch, and Sperling stated that misconceptions about the human brain and learning are embedded in many corporate training programs. Which was not one of these misconceptions and associated recommendation?

A. After a critical period, concentrated mostly in the pre-adolescent years, the human brain becomes quite inflexible, resulting in much slower and difficult learning.

B. Most people have a tendency to use predominantly the right or the left side of their brain, so that to be effective, training programs should be matched to the preferred brain hemispheral preference/tendency of trainees.

C. Most people can be identified as either dominantly analytical (left-brained) or more creative (right-brained).

D. The human brain is naturally a multi-tasker whose default state is keeping track of multiple sources of input and guiding multiple behaviors simultaneously, so that to be effective, training programs should require trainees to rapidly shift their attention from one task to another, with the aim of improving multi-tasking competence.

E. Most of the human brain is idle much of the time, so that training programs need to wake up the idle parts of the brain to ensure skill development.

2. Which is not a characteristic of an effective performance appraisal system?

A. Employees should have access to the results of the appraisal.

B. There should be standardization in the frequency, procedures, and instruments by which performance appraisal is conducted.

C. Managers and subordinates should agree on performance expectations in advance of the appraisal period.

D. The criteria used for appraising performance should be job-related.

E. To ensure fairness, employees' evaluations should be based on equally-weighted ratings by superiors, peers, and subordinates.

3. Criterion contamination:

A. occurs when the criterion does not overlap at all with the actual job requirements.

B. by definition cannot occur in objectively measurable domains such as professional sports.

C. occurs when a performance criterion focuses on an objectively measurable but narrowly defined performance outcome.

D. occurs when factors outside an employees control influence his or her performance on the criterion.

E. is indicated by performance measures that are consistent over time for an employee.

4. A manager decides to boost the overall rating he gives to an average-performing subordinate, to ensure that the subordinate received a satisfactory merit pay raise at the end of the year. The manager's rating decision is the result of _____ in performance appraisal.

A. a motivated bias

B. stereotyping

C. a recency of events error

D. a contrast effect

E. the halo error