please answer the questions and offer informed opinions (based on the readings) on all of them.

1. How did Native American and European ideas of freedom differ on the eve of contact? Generally speaking, what did freedom mean to people living in the two continents?

2. What were the main factors fueling the European age of expansion?

3. What was the Columbian Exchange?

4. How did the Spanish, French, and Dutch try to control their North American empires?

5. What is a borderland? Why does that definition matter in these earlier years of colonization?

Done Spain's North American Empire... The 16th Century: Spain's "Golden" Century Cele mai Spanish America was an "Empire of Towns" European voyages and Pre- Columbian Native American empires Done Spain's North American Empire... European voyages and Pre- Columbian Native American empires The Encomienda System Natives made to labor in the service of Spanish lords (encomenderes In theory a reciprocal relationship, but often was not the case Later replaced by the Repartimiento System Native villages remained legally free and came wages Required to perform a fixed amount of labor Improvements in some arcas, abuses remained in others Total Shifting populations in the 17th and 18th centuries Calon peoples Mont of individuals Indian people As colonial populations increased, Native populations decreased. Done Spain's North American Empire... Shifting populations in the 17th and 18th centuries Colonial peoples Millions of individuals Inds peoples As colonial populations increased, Native populations decreased 1600 1650 1700 1750 1900 Pigeon Potte Shanti The primary in the decination of native less en to the New World foto in the century the North America Indian population Bartolom de las Casas: "Protector of the Indians." The Destruction of the Indics: Creation of the Leyla Negru ("Black Legend) Erontier of Inclusion Unable to transport large numbers of people to populate the colonics, Spain relied on a policy of converting Natives into subjects. The mixing of peoples and cultures were the results New Spain's Racial Castel Done Spain's North American Empire... Prentice of Inclusion: Unable to transport large numbers of people to populate the colonies. Spain relied on a policy of converting Natives into subjects. The mixing of peoples and cultures were the results New Spain's Racial Cuts The Virgin of Guadalupe Blending indigenous and Catholic religious beliefs and symbols Example of religious syncretism Potent symbol of mestizo Mexican identity 1510s-40s: Spanish Exploration of the U.S. The Spanish were the 1st Europeans to enter what is now the Colonial outposts in Peter Pets, New Mexico, and Californie M Done Spain's North American Empire... SPA Ger 1528-1536 Alvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca wanders the Gulf Coast and the Southwest 1539: Hernn de Soto in the American Southeast FLORIDA Done Spain's North American Empire... 1540-42: Francisco Coronado and the American Southwest 1565: Spanish Florida exists as a military outpost 1763: 4,000 Spanish settlers in Florida Similar early explorations of Texas and California, bet stable colonies only created in Dub200 Menndez de Aviles 1565 St. Austin founded by the Spanish: the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the continental US "The Last Conquistador" 1598: Don Juan de Onate and New Mexico Done Spain's North American Empire... "The Last Conquistador" 1598: Don Juan de Oate and New Mexico United States LO Colonial New Mexico 17th century: 3,000 colonists clustered in a few towns along the Rio Grande Mexico Pascom The Pueblos' Changing World Several independent towns and 5 language groups: Tewa, Keresan, Tiwa, Towa, and Zuni Population dropped from 80- TOT-17.000 Done Spain's North American Empire... The Pueblos' Changing World Several independent towns and 5 language groups: Tewa, Keresan, Tiwa, Towa, and Zuni Population dropped from 80- 100,000 to 15-17,000 Outnumbered the Spanish 5 to 1 Adopted a flexible attitude to the Spanish at first Spanish abuses in the 1670s change MEXICO their minds NEW TEXAS Po pay: Religious Leader and Fomenter of Revolution Publically humiliated by Spanish authorities Popy plans for a revolt Convinces most of the Parblos to join him The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Done Spain's North American Empire... U us Fuwpanu The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Vistory in 1680 secured the Pachlos 12 years of independence The Spanish returned in 1692: a new accommodation was reached UTA COLORADO NEVADA ARIZON NEW DO TEXAS MEXICO MAP 2 The Pulled Their Neighbors, Done French and Dutch Colonization... The French and Dutch North American Empires A frontier of inclusion More commerce than conquest European Colonial Settlements: 1650 NENANCE Massafley th Rhodod Maryland Viagra Spare Dutch English French Sudah Jacques Cartier: Searching for a "Northwest Passage" Cartier's voyages: 1534. 1535-36 Lado Jaques Carter's Voyages -Cartier -Cartier's contro - Modelbouw Modern province body Newfoundland S Decor Cowon Grand flocheaza AU ATLANTIC OCEAN 200 Espace Early Attempts at French Settlement Done French and Dutch Colonization... Each AINS ATLANTIC OCEAN 20Branca Early Attempts at French Settlement 1st settlers: The Huguenots A group of religious dissenters Huguenots werd aadira gatestant Reformation Followers of John Calvin John Calvin and Predestination Predestination: God chose a small number of men & women for "election (salvation) while damning everyone else Virtues: thrift, industry, sobriety, personal responsibility Essential to Christian life Calvinist Groups French: Huguenots Scottish: Presbyterians 1562 and 1564: Huguenots settle in SC and Fl. but these fail GE Done French and Dutch Colonization... John Calvin and Predestination Predestination: God chose a small number of men & women for election" (salvation) while damning everyone else Virtues thrift, industry, sobriety. personal responsibility Essential to Christian life Calvinist Groups French: Huguenots Scottish: Presbyterians 1562 and 1564: Huguenots settle in SC and FL but these fail FA The fur trade plays a role for nearly 3 centuries Artic Ocean To London Hadi Done French and Dutch Colonization... The fur trade plays a role for nearly 3 centuries Artic Ocean A To London RO NO To Asia Hay To Per To London Wurttem North Pacific Oman North Atlanta Ocean Ta Pare w Gulf of Mexico Beaver.fur warm, soft and water resistance It soon becomes a commodity and fashionable material Native peoples were absorbed into the trade networks Competed over furs, handise, and Done French and Dutch Colonization... Native peoples were absorbed into the trade networks. Competed over furs, merchandise, and access to traders Turns into an unequal relationship Witteen Clean Forging a "Middle Ground": Samuel de Champlain and 3 rules for the company men 1) Learn Native Ways and Languages Done French and Dutch Colonization... 1) Learn Native Ways and Languages 2) Ally with Native Peoples 3) Convert the Natives to Catholicism The Jesuits, aka "Black Robes Lived among the peoples (mostly) Introduce Catholicism Typically looked for cres of common ground Done French and Dutch Colonization... 3 Convert the Natives to Catholicism The Jesuits, aka Black Robes Lived among the peoples (mostly) Introduce Catholicism Typically looked for areas of common ground to do so Relationships varied . Published The Jesuit Relations . The French presence was greatly dispersed Settlers.clustered in Canada, the Illinois Country, and Louisiana Count Louis de Frontenac Done French and Dutch Colonization... Count.Louis de Frontenas: Governor of New France 1672-82 and 1689-98 Wanted a massive fur trading empire Sends out several expeditions along the waterways French Expeditions 1673. Explorer Louis Joliet and the Jesut priest Jacques Marquette reached Green Bay Map the Upper Mississippi River . 1681-82. Robert de la Salle Sailed the Mississippi River and reached the Gulf of Mexico Claimed the Mississippi watershed for France French North America: "Pearls on a String" Done French and Dutch Colonization... French North America: "Pearls on a String W.. Tadby Sy het De B ACASA Pacific OR Anante Goran Meteo Slavery and Freedom in Louisiana LE CODE NOIR, Le Code Noir 05 (Black Code) RECUEIL DES REGLEMENS RENDUS 1685: 1st set by , COSTA King Louis XIV 1724: laws for COM Louisiana Catholicism = official religion APARI PSALT Banned Jews Stream from the French M. DCC LLIL Colonies AVEC PRIPILLO DURO Coureur de bois ("runner of the woods"). Voyageurs Travelers") and the Metis Done French and Dutch Colonization... from the French Colonies MDCG SLEE AVEC PRIVILEGE DE Coureur de bois ("runner of the woods"). Voyageurs Travelers") and the Metis A Middle Ground between the natives and newcomers Coexistence through constant mediation and compromise Giving gifts, providing protection, and observing ritual Not obedience Natives often incorporated Europeans through marriage and ritual Coureur de bois ("Runner of the woods), Voyageurs ("Travelers") and the Metis Compare to the "Black Legend HOWEVER. it was not all benign wars. chaos from the fur trade social upheaval French North America: "Pearls on a String" Te Twith Hudson Bay Done French and Dutch Colonization... French North America: "Pearls on a String" Hudson Bay anyol CANON Pacie Ocean TAN Atlantic Ocean Gult of Mexico New Netherland: 1609-1664 1609: Henry Hudson claims the territory Primarily a commercial venture Yo DIC cowo New Netherland: 1609-1664 1624 colonists settle on Manhattan Island A diverse population Dutch law granted women greater legal rights Property rights and rights within marriage Slavery and "half freedom A different kind of religious tolerance: "Dutch tolerance Mid-1660s: 9,000 inhabi