Please help me solve 1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 4b, 4c.

1. A law enforcement database was used to collect the number of driving under the inuence (DUI) incidents based on gender and location of the incident. The following contingency table lists summary information about this database. Interpret the frequency, percent, row percent, and column percent for the rst cell of the contingency table. Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct Urban Suburban Rural Total Female 56 80 23 159 13.5% 19.2% 5.5% 35.2% 50.3% 14.5% 38.6% 40.0% 32.4% 200 2. The objective of a study is to determine the surgery mortality rate. It was speculated that age is confounder. Thus, the investigator would like to estimate the death rate by controlling for age effect. Explain how you would test to identify whether age is a confounding factor for the mortality rate of this type of surgery. 3. Dene sensitivity and specicity. In a body mass index (BMI) test, a cutoff point is established such that an individual is classied as obese when test score is above the cutoff point. As the cutoff point increases, how will the sensitivity and specicity of the test change? 4. Choose the appropriate summary statistic (mean, event rate, or proportion) for the following scenarios. Explain why it is appropriate and how it could be applied. a. Data on farm injuries are collected over a 10-year period. Describe the number of farm injuries per year that require hospitalization. b. Data were collected at a sleep clinic to better understand the variables associated with waking during the night. Describe the number of patients who wake up more than once in a night. c. Surveys were used to investigate smoking patterns in a group of osteoporotic women. At baseline, participants who currently smoked were asked to provide the average number of cigarettes smoked in a day. Describe the average number of cigarettes smoked per day