Please provide a detailed answer to the following question using the chemical formula (step by step)

Fall NOx and Hydrocarbon Limited O₃. [Modified from Jacob 12.1] Use the same approach introduced in Question 1 to consider the eastern United States in fall (October) instead of summer (July). For October, the photochemical model indicates a 24-hour average HOx production rate P_HOx=1.0x10⁶ molecules cm^-3 s^-1 in October.

1. Why is the HOx production rate lower in October than in July?
2. Compare the October HOx production rate to fP_NOx, assuming the fraction oxidized and the emission are the same as in July (from Question 1); is one a lot greater than the other or are they approximately the same?
3. Conclude as to whether ozone production over the eastern United States in October is NOx- or hydrocarbon-limited in October.
4. As temperatures decrease in the fall, NOx may be increasingly removed by reaction (3) where RO₂NO₂ is an organic nitrate such as PAN (in summer, the organic nitrates decompose back to NOx because of the high temperatures). Consider a situation where reaction (3) represents the main HOx sink.What is an equation for the O₃ production rate as a function of P_HOx, [NO], and [NO₂] (and constants). Hint: You can assume "efficient cycling" of HOx and use the results from the class discussion (D12b) here.
5. Assuming that the [NO]/[NO₂] ratio is a constant, is O₃ production is NOx- or hydrocarbon-limited? Explain the implication of this result for O₃ production in October.

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