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1- John is a leader, explain his leadership style that fits the definition of leadership in Exhibit 1.1? (5 marks) 2- Describe the leadership traits of John, what traits do you consider a strength? A weakness? Explain. (5 Marks) 3- Explain the psychological Model of Empowerment. (5 marks) CHAPTER 1 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE A LEADER? Particularly when times are tough, people often look to a grand, charismatic type of leader to alleviate fear and uncertainty. Think of how Barack Obama sailed to the U.S. presidency in 2008 based largely on his charisma and the ability to make people feel hopeful in a time of uncertainty. In recent years, the romantic or heroic view of leadership has been challenged. Much progress has been made in under standing the essential nature of leadership as a real and powerful influence in organ- izations and societies. 1-1a Defining Leadership Leadership studies are an evolving discipline, and the concept of leadership will con- tinue to develop. For the purpose of this book, we will focus on a single definition that delineates the essential elements of the leadership process: Leadership is an influ- ence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and out- comes that reflect their shared purposes." Exhibit 1.1 summarizes the key elements in this definition. Leadership involves influence; it occurs among people; those people intentionally desire significant changes; and the changes reflect purposes shared by leaders and followers. Influence means that the relationship among people is not passive; however, also inherent in this definition is the concept that influence is multidirectional and noncoercive. The basic cultural values in North America make it easiest to think of leadership as something a leader does to a follower. However, leadership is reciprocal. In most organizations, superi- ors influence subordinates, but subordinates also influence superiors. The people involved in the relationship want substantive changes-leadership involves creating change, not maintaining the status quo. In addition, the changes sought are not dictated by leaders but reflect purposes that leaders and followers share. Moreover, change is toward an outcome that both the leader and the followers want, a desired future or shared purpose that motivates them toward this more preferable outcome. An important aspect of leadership is influencing others to come together around a common vision. Thus, leadership involves the influence of people to bring about change toward a desirable future. Lea amo folle EXHIBIT 1.1 What Leadership Involves the Influence Intention Followers Leader Personal responsibility and integrity Shared purpose Change el 8-4a The Psychological Model of Empowerment Empowerment provides strong motivation because individuals have a sense that they are in control of their work and success. Research indicates that most people have a need for self-efficacy, which is the capacity to produce results or outcomes, to feel that they are effective.42 Most people come into an organization with the desire to do a good job, and empowerment enables leaders to release the motivation already there. Five elements must be in place before employees can be truly empowered to perform their jobs effectively; information, knowledge, discretion, meaning, and rewards.43 1 Employees receive information about company performance. In companies where employees are fully empowered, as at Tennast Software, described earlier, everyone is taught to think like a business owner. Employees have access to company financials and attend a financial literacy course to understand how to interpret them.44 2. Employees receive knowisage and skills to contribute to company goals. Companies use training programs and other development tools to give people the knowledge and skills they need to personally contribute to performance. For example, when DMC which makes pet supplies, gave employee teams the authority and responsibility for assembly line shutdowns. it provided extensive training. *5 3 Employees have the power to make sostantive decisions. Empowered employees have the authority to directly influence work procedures and organizational direction, such as through quality circles and self-directed work teams. At a copper mine in Arizona, for example teams of tank house workers were given the authority to identify and solve production problems and determine how best to organize themselves to get the job done 46 4 Employees understand the meaning and impact of their jobs. Empowered employees I consider their jobs important and meaningful see themselves as capable and influential and recognize the impact their work has on eustomers, other stakeholders and the organization's success 5 Employees are rewarded based on company performance Reward systems play an important role in supporting empowerment. People are rewarded based on results shown in the company's bottom line. Insurer Arlac has a profit-sharing 27