Please use R to complete this study question.

Load the package library(poliscidata) to run syntaxes

1. (Dataset: states. Variables: hr_conserv11, conpct_m.) Two congressional scholars are discussing the extent to which members of the U.S. House of Representatives stay in touch with the voters in their states.

Scholar 1: "When members of Congress vote on important public policies, they are closely attuned to the ideological makeups of their states. Members from states having lots of liberals will tend to cast votes in the liberal direction. Representatives from states with mostly conservative constituencies, by contrast, will take conservative positions on important policies."

Scholar 2: "You certainly have a nave view of congressional behavior. Once they get elected, members of Congress adopt a 'Washington, D.C., state of mind,' perhaps voting in the liberal direction on one policy and in the conservative direction on another. One thing is certain: The way members vote has little to do with the ideological composition of their states."

Think about an independent variable that measures the percentage of self-described conservatives among the mass public in a state, with low values denoting low percentages of conservatives and high values denoting high percentages of conservatives. And consider a dependent variable that gauges the degree to which the state's House delegation votes in a conservative direction on public policies. Low scores on this dependent variable tell you that the delegation tends to vote in a liberal direction, and high scores say that the delegation votes in a conservative direction.

1. Below is an empty graphic shell showing the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Draw a regression line inside the shell that depicts what the relationship should look like if Scholar 1 is correct.

(insert graphic shell here)

2. Below is another graphic shell showing the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Draw a regression line inside the shell that depicts what the relationship should look like if Scholar 2 is correct.

(insert graphic shell here)

3. The states dataset contains the variable conpct_m, the percentage of the mass public calling themselves conservative. This is the independent variable. States also contains hr_conserv11, a measure of conservative votes by states' House members. Scores on this variable can range from 0 (low conservatism) to 100 (high conservatism). This is the dependent variable. Run Regression to analyze the relationship between cons.hr and conpct_m.

According to the regression equation, a 1- percentage-point increase in conservatives in the mass public is associated with (Check one.)

about a 66-point decrease in House conservatism scores.

about a 3-point increase in House conservatism scores.

about a 6-point increase in House conservatism scores.

4. If you were to use this regression to estimate the mean House conservatism score for states having 30 percent conservatives, your estimate would be (Circle one.)

A score of about 30 A score of about 45 A score of about 95

5. The adjusted R-square for this relationship is equal to (Fill in the blank.) _______________.

This tells you that about (Fill in the blank.) _______________ percent of the variation in hr_conserv11 is explained by conpct_m.

Follow the syntax rules described in this chapter. Provide axis labels, such as "Percent Mass Public Conservative" for the x-axis and "Conservative Votes, House Delegation" for the y-axis. Provide a main title. Print the scatterplot.

6. Generate a scatterplot of the relationship between hr_conserv11 and conpct_m. Follow the syntax rules described in this chapter. Provide axis labels, such as "Percent Mass Public Conservative" for the x-axis and "Conservative Votes, House Delegation" for the y-axis. Provide a main title. Print the scatterplot.

7. Based on your inspection of the graph, the regression line, and the adjusted R-square, which congressional scholar is more correct? (Fill in the appropriate blank.)

Scholar 1 is more correct because:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Scholar 2 is more correct because:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________