Proactive behavior usually stems from a proactive personality and refers to self$-$initiated anticipatory action with the intent of either changing the situation or one's own behavior and attitudes. Which of the following examples shows the demonstration of proactive behaviour by an individual?

Michelle always keeps project reports ready, as she knows that her manager can ask for them anytime.

Adam is an approachable manager and always tries to empathize with his team members when they face problems at work.

Being a team manager, Shirley clearly communicates what she expects from her team in terms of performance and commitment.

As the chief executive officer of a company, Jason is able to understand the long$-$term implications of policies.