Problem 1. 8 points. Answer the following true-false and multiple-choice questions. Informatics is about the acquisition, storage, transformation, integration, analysis, and interpretation of data in order to solve problems. a) True b) False Observational studies are where scientists actively control an experiment. a) True b) False Which are components of an observational study (you may mark more than one): a) Outcome b) Python c) NumPy d) Treatment e) Population Sample An observational study intends to draw an inference between population properties or behaviors. a) True b) False John Snow is the creator of Python. a) True b) False Some common Python types include (you may mark more than one): a) strings b) cholera c) ints d) variables e) floats f) values Which operator is used for assignment? a) = b) assign c) == d) != e) goto A data structure of key-value pairs is called a: a) list b) hard problem c) dictionary d) function e) table

Problem 2. 5 points. What is a confounding factor? Provide an example.

Problem 3. 5 points. Explain the difference between correlation and causation. Provide an example that illustrates the principle that correlation does not imply causation. Problem 4. 5 points. How do the following Python expressions differ? Discuss differences in data type and output. Feel free to execute the snippets using Python or a cell within Jupyter. output = 1 + 1 output = 1 + 1 Problem 5. 5 points. Congrats! You just landed an informatics position at a hydrology center. Your colleague has been collecting depth information from Lake Mary each day, and theyd like to be able to put it into a Python data structure, but they need your advice. As a professional informaticist, youve identified lists and dictionaries as candidate structures. Which of these data structures best serves this use case? (There is not necessarily a correct answer here just justify your answer) (~3 sentences should suffice) The data look something like 33.1, 33.2, 33.0, 33.3, 32.9 Problem 6. 5 points. In the context of tables, define the terms: row, column, and label.

Problem 7. 5 points. Many of the problems we have solved in this class could have been solved using Excel. Why would you use Python instead of Excel? Problem 8. 5 points. How is a bar chart different from a histogram?

Problem 9. 5 points. What is the difference between categorical and numerical data? Give examples for each.