Problem $1$: Suppose a computer system has a cache memory that takes $20$ nanoseconds $($ns$)$ to

access and a main memory that takes $80$ ns to access. If the hit ratio for this cache is $0\mathrm{.}9,$ what is

the average memory access time $($AMAT$)$ for this system? Assume there is no additional overhead

for cache misses.

Problem $2$: A computing system has a cache access time of $15$ ns and a main memory access time

of $100$ ns$.$ If the cache hit ratio is $0\mathrm{.}95,$ calculate the average memory access time. Additionally,

consider a miss penalty of $20$ ns to account for the time it takes to load data into the cache from

the main memory on a miss. How does this penalty affect the AMAT compared to if there were

no miss penalty?

Problem $3$: Consider a two$-$level cache system where Level $1($L$1)$ cache has an access time of $10$

ns with a hit ratio of $0\mathrm{.}97,$ and Level $2($L$2)$ cache has an access time of $30$ ns with a hit ratio of

$0\mathrm{.}9.$ The main memory access time is $120$ ns$.$ Calculate the average memory access time for this

system. Assume that if a memory access misses in the L$1$ cache but hits in the L$2$ cache, the total

access time is the sum of the L$1$ access time and the L$2$ access time. How does the presence of

a second cache level impact the AMAT compared to a single$-$level cache system with only the L$1$

cache?

Problem $4$: What is Cache Memory?

Problem $5$: How does Cache Memory Work?

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Problem $6$: What are the different levels of cache memory?

Problem $7$: What is a cache hit and a cache miss?

Problem $8$: Why is cache memory faster than main memory?

Problem $9$: How is data organized in cache memory?