problem or opportunity is$,$ and then making a choice about how to resolve it$.$ Decision making requires effort both before and after a decision has been made.

There are two primary types of decisions in the business world. Programmed decisions can be solved by using rules and policies based on the way the decision has been made in the past. For example, paying your taxes on April $15$ is a programmed decision. These decisions are generally easy to make. Nonprogrammed decisions are much more difficult. These are typically one$-$of$-$a$-$kind decisions that are unlike decisions that have been made before. They require creativity and ingenuity to solve. Nonprogrammed decisions often arise in situations where uncertainty is great and decisions are complex.

The most difficult decision$-$making situation is information about outcomes is unavailable. $,$ because the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and

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Decisions are least likely to fail when they are $$ decisions, made under conditions of $$