q$\mathrm{.}3?$Civil engineering involves designing, constructing, and maintaining the built environment, including infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and buildings. What are the theoretical principles that underpin the analysis and design of sustainable infrastructure? Specifically, how do civil engineers incorporate environmental, economic, and social considerations into their projects? Discuss the role of materials science, structural analysis, and geotechnical engineering in ensuring the safety, efficiency, and longevity of civil engineering projects. Additionally, how does the integration of modern technology, such as Building Information Modeling $($BIM$)$ and Geographic Information Systems $($GIS$),$ enhance the planning and execution of civil engineering projects?