Q$.$I read somewhere saying we can use $2$nd law of thermodynamics,$/$ entropy to understand

$1.$how a Chemical reaction will progress$$

$2.$ How entropy adds directionally to a Chemical reaction$($ helping to predict outcome$)$

Q$.$what does entropy production rate tell about a chemical reaction

Q$.$can i add derivative to any formula?example can i write$($ pressure formula$)$

P$=$ F$/$A$.$ to P$=$ dF$/$dA$?$

Q$.$my lecturer today said that if a air goes back into a balloon that was punctured it is possible according to the conservation of energy mass other laws but the second law of thermodynamics forbids it what is the meaning of this. can't we just use a pump of vacuum etc let's take an example of tire $,$ can't we use energy to get the tire or balloon filled $,$ why is it a violation of thermodynamics $2$nd law $($ this is in context of chemical thermodynamics$)$

Q and why is this Ballon thought experiment consient with conservation of mass $,$ energy etc?

$($ could u explain in simple language plz$)$