Q1:Confounding can be controlled in

a-The study design phase

b-The study analysis phase

c-Both the study design and analysis phases

d-None of the above

Q2: Effect measure modification is a natural phenomenon that cannot be eliminated; thus, epidemiologists try to describe and understand it.

a-True

b- False

Q3: Effect measure modification occurs when the strength of an association varies according to the level of a third variable.

a-True

b-False

Q4: Epidemiologists can tell if confounding is present by examining the strength of the crude measure of association.

a-True

b-False

Q5: For a variable to be a confounder, it must be:

a-Associated with the disease (outcome) in both the exposed and unexposed individuals.

b-Associated with the risk factor (exposure) in the population that produced the cases

c-Both of the above

e- Neither of the above