1. Quantitative research
   1. Uses non-random sampling.
   2. Views social phenomenon or social reality as internal and objective reality to be studied by a detached and neutral observer.
   3. Goal is to test a theory, use statistical techniques, and determine whether the predictive transferability of a theory holds true.
   4. Uses the logic of deduction.

2. Quasi-Experiments

1. Are characterised by random assignment of subjects to experimental conditions and the use of experimental controls.
2. Are associated with the generation of plausible theories rather than their testing and uses the logic of induction.
3. Have no way of determining the representativeness of the sample and can not make definitive statements about the results from such a sample.
4. Are characterised by non-random assignment of subjects to experimental conditions and the use of experimental controls.

3. A researcher is interested in conducting a study with a view to reduce harassment in the workplace. Which of the following objectives is correct?

1. To understand the causes and effects of harassment in the workplace.
2. To understand the long term psychological implications of harassment in the workplace.
3. To understand what measures need to be put in place to reduce harassment in the workplace.
4. To provide recommendations to better understand harassment in the workplace.

4. The extent to which an instrument or process measures what it intends to measure is called

1. Reproducibility
2. Validity
3. Credibility
4. Dependability

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about questionnaires?

1. Can be face-to-face (interview), mailed out, or online.
2. An introductory letter is required to explain the purpose of the research.
3. Start with easier general questions, and leave awkward questions at the end.
4. It is recommended to not pretest your questionnaire for wording due to bias.

6. Which of the following scales has only two values (for example, Yes or No)?

1. Semantic Differential Scale
2. Likert Scale
3. Q-Sort Technique Scale
4. Guttman Scale

7. Which of the following sampling techniques selects its sample based on certain parameters such as age, sex, income and occupation that describe the nature of a population so as to make it representative of the population?

1. Stratified Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling

8. When gather data on the use of ICT in the workplace during tax time, as well as employees taxation software preference, which of the following designs is most relevant?

1. Longitudinal Design
2. Case-Study Design
3. Comparative Design
4. Cross-Sectional Design

9. Chi Square tests

1. Are used to figure out whether the sample comes from a particular population when the full population information about the population is not available.
2. Are used to evaluate the effectiveness (or response) of two treatments or two methods.
3. Test for consistent differences between pairs of observations.
4. Test the null hypothesis and compare observed data with data expected to be obtained according to a specific hypothesis.

10. Which of the following statements is NOT true about parametric statistics.

1. Even when the basic assumptions about the parametric tests are valid, parametric tests are less powerful than non-parametric tests.
2. Will produce more accurate and precise estimates than non-parametric methods.
3. Assumes that sample data comes from a population that follows a probability distribution based on a fixed set of parameters.
4. Model structure is determined from the data.

11. In hypothesis testing Type II error is

1. Accepting H0 when H0 is false.
2. Rejecting H0 when H0 is false.
3. Accepting H1 when H0 is true.
4. Rejecting H1 when H0 is true.

12. The difference between probability and non-probability sampling is that

1. In probability sampling each element in the population has a probability of getting included in the sample, whereas with non-probability sampling the researcher selects the population sample.
2. In non-probability sampling each element in the population has a probability of getting included in the sample, whereas with probability sampling the researcher selects the population sample.
3. In probability sampling the researcher selects the population sample, whereas with non-probability each element in the population has a probability of getting included in the sample.
4. None of the above.

13. The goal of case study research is to

1. Understand the lived experience of the individuals being studied.
2. Gather a descriptive record of an entity, phenomenon or a particular area of interest or behaviours kept by an outside observer.
3. Determine whether the predictive generalisations of a theory hold true.
4. Research a small group of people intensively over a long time.

14. Which method would be preferred in understanding the experiences of leaders?

1. Experiment
2. Interpretivist
3. Ethnographic
4. Comparative

15. The degree to which measures are free from error and yield consistent results is called

1. Objectivity
2. Replicability
3. Reliability
4. Parsimony

16. A studys trustworthiness is increased when data analysis and conclusions are

1. Tested
2. Triangulated
3. Subjected to Test-Retest
4. Inter-Rated

17. The purpose of sampling is to

1. Draw conclusions about populations from samples.
2. Ensure the validity and reliability of your study.
3. Collect data from each and every unit from the population.
4. Provide a basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population will be included.

18. Which of the following scales has no numerical value.

1. Ordinal Scale
2. Interval Scale (Cardinal Scale)
3. Nominal Scale
4. Ration Scale

19. Which of the following multivariate analysis determines the degree of relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables via a statistical equation.

1. Factor Analysis
2. Discriminant Analysis
3. Regression analysis
4. Singlevariate Analysis

20. A newly hired Manager is interested in gathering detailed information from employees regarding job satisfaction in the workplace. Which of the following questionnaires would be best suited?

1. Closed ended
2. Open ended
3. Multiple choice
4. Scaled response