Qucstion $1$

$[20]$

What do you understand by the tern "hydradic grode line"?

b$)$ Why are open chanmel how problems much harder to solve than pipe flow problems?

c$)$ State the law of conservation of energy as it is used in hydraulics

The maximunt velocity in an open channel is expected to be at the free water surface best cocus just below the surface. Explain why this happens.

e$)$ Explain why a $-$ Re char is not practically useful in estimating the roughness of open chamels

$.$ What do you understand by the tem conveyance?

A compound channel is made of three sections. In section $1$ the velocity is $1\mathrm{.}5\frac{m}{s}$ white cross$-$sectionat area is $10m^2.$ In section $2$ the velocity is $1\mathrm{.}8\frac{m}{s}$ while cross$-$sectional area it $13m^2$ and in section $3$ the values are $1\mathrm{.}4\frac{m}{s}$ and $9\mathrm{.}5m^2.$ Determine the coefficient of energy

hi$)$ Skeich a carve of depth versus specific energy for a channel with a raised hump of height $x.$

In physical terms what are the two forces that are compared when we use the Froude number

In a$.$rectangular channel, the specitio energy is $1\mathrm{.}5m.$ If the flow velocity is $1m\text{'}$s what is the regine of flow?

Question $2$

$20$

a$)$ List any the "eritical depth meters" that you know

b$)$ State Newton's law of viscosity and explain all terms

c$)$ Explaining all terms, write the equation for the energy loss in a hydraulic jump

d$)$ Give $4$ types of "local" head losses that can occur in a pipeline

c$)$ A pipeline $400mm$ in diameter and $2000m$ long connects two reservoirs whose difference in head is $6m.$ lgnoring local head tosses, determine the diseharge in the pipe if the friction factor is $0,006.$