Question $1$

$1\mathrm{.}1.$ Describe the CHNS elemental analysers.

$1\mathrm{.}2.$ Everyone's top priority is eating safe food. Government regulations and public awareness have increased as a result of the recent prevalence of contaminants and adulterated, counterfeit, or fraudulent food, such as arsenic $($As$)$ in baby food or selenium $($Se$)$ in solid and liquid supplements, as well as purposeful or unintentional adulterants, like lead $(Pb),$ chromium $(Cr)$ in colourants, and bromine $)$ from pesticides. Identify a characteristic technique for detecting toxic metals in food and provide five industries where the characteristic technique is being used.

$1\mathrm{.}3.$ Describe four steps of X $-$ray fluorescence spectroscopy techniques.

$(8)$

$1\mathrm{.}4.$ Provide two main chemical compositions of zircon sand, as given in Table $1.$

$1\mathrm{.}5.$ What is the weight percentage of Hafnium $(Hf)$ and Calcium oxide $(CaO)?$ Refer to Table $1.$

$(2)$

Table $1$: Chemical Composition of Zircon

$\backslash$table$[[$Component$,$wt$.\%],[Zr{O}_2,61\mathrm{.}22],[Si{O}_2,32\mathrm{.}81],[F{e}_2{O}_3,1\mathrm{.}08],[N{a}_{2}O,0\mathrm{.}34],[$CaO$,0\mathrm{.}30],[$Hf$,4\mathrm{.}25]]$

$[20$ Marks$]$