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Question options: Early usability studies can be conducted using paper mockups of screen displays to assess user reactions to wording, layout, and sequencing. A test administrator plays the role of the computer by flipping the pages while asking a participant user to carry out typical tasks. This informal testing is inexpensive, rapid, and usually productive Question point Question options: This quickanddirty approach to task analysis, prototype development, and testing has been widely influential because it lowers the barriers to newcomers Nielsen A controversial aspect is the recommendation to use only three to six test participants. Advocates point out that most serious problems are found with only a few participants, enabling prompt revision and repeated testing, while critics hold that a broader subject pool is required to thoroughly test more complex systems. Question point Question options:. Competitive testing compares a new interface to previous versions or to similar products from competitors. This approach is close to a controlled experimental study, and staff must be careful to construct parallel sets of tasks and to counterbalance the order of presentation of the interfaces. Withinsubjects designs seem the most powerful, because participants can make comparisons between the competing interfacesfewer participants are needed, although each is needed for a longer time period. Question point Question options: This approach tests interfaces with highly diverse users, hardware, software platforms, and networks. When a wide range of international users are anticipated, such as for consumer electronics products, webbased information services, or egovernment services, ambitious testing is necessary to clean up problems and thereby help ensure success. Question point Question options: This testing method puts new interfaces to work in realistic environments or in a more naturalistic environment in the field for a fixed trial period. Field tests can be made more fruitful if logging software is used to capture error, command, and help frequencies, as well as productivity measures. Portable usability laboratories with recording and logging facilities have been developed to support more thorough fieldtesting
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