Question $1.$

$r$

a$.$ A $200$ m equal tangent sag vertical curve has the PVC at station $3+700\mathrm{.}000$ and elevation $321$ m $.$ The initial grade is $-3\mathrm{.}5\%$ and the final grade is $0\mathrm{.}5\%.$ Determine the elevation and stationing of the PVI, PVT$,$ and lowest point on the curve.

b$.$ Given a construction site with a weak subgrade, propose a solution to improve its load$-$bearing capacity. Discuss the materials and methods you would use, and justify your choices.

c$.$ Explain the purpose of compaction in highway construction, methods used to measure$-$compaction during construction and discuss the implications of inadequate compaction on the longevity and performance of a pavement structure.

d$.$ Discuss four requirements for proper construction of sub base layer? $(4)$

e$.$ What is the purpose of a tack coat in highway construction?

f$.$ What is a surface treatment and what are the benefits? $(4)$

Question $2$

a$)$ Discuss the significance of the CBR test in highway design? How is the CBR used to determine pavement thickness?

b$)$ Discuss four essential material characteristics that are required for pavement materials

$(8)$

c$)$ Briefly discuss two types of pavement design procedures

d$)$ List any $6$ factors that are considered when designing a Pavement according to the ASHTO $93$ Flexible Pavement Design procedure?

e$)$ In the AASHTO $1993$ approach, what role does the "Serviceability Index" play in pavement design, $(6)$ what are the typical initial and terminal serviceability values?

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